南音（Nan Yin）
南音也稱“弦管”“泉州南音”，福建省閩南地區的傳統音樂。
南音有“中國音樂史上的活化石”之稱，發源于福建泉州，用閩南語演唱，是中國歷史悠久的漢族音樂。 兩漢、晉、唐、兩宋等朝代的中原移民把音樂文化帶入以泉州為中心的閩南地區，并與當地民間音樂融合，形成了具有中原古樂遺韻的文化表現形式。 南音起源于唐，形成在宋，南音的唱法保留了唐以前傳統古老的民族唱法，其唱、奏者的二度創作極富隨意性，而南管的演奏上也保持在唐宋時期的特色。其音樂主要由“指”“譜”“曲”三大類組成，是中國古代音樂體系比較豐富、完整的一個大樂種。
2006年5月20日，經國務院批準列入第一批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄。2009年9月30日在聯合國教科文組織政府間組織大會上，南音正式列入人類非物質文化遺產代表作名錄中。
Nanyin also known as "Xian Guan" （string
and wind music）and "Quanzhou Nanyin" is a
traditional music in southern Fujian province.
Nanyin, known as the "living fossil in China's music
history", originated in Quanzhou, Fujian, and sang in Minnan dialect. It
is the Han nationality music with a long history in China. The immigrants from the Central
Plains in the Han, Jin, Tang and Song dynasties brought the music culture into
the southern Fujian with Quanzhou as the center, and merged it with the local
folk music, forming a cultural expression with the lingering charm of the
ancient music of the Central Plains. Nanyin originated in the Tang
Dynasty and was formed in the Song Dynasty. Nanyin's singing method retained
the traditional and ancient national singing method before the Tang Dynasty,
and its singers and performers' second creations were very random, while
Nanguan's performance also maintained the characteristics of the Tang and Song
Dynasties. Music is mainly composed of three categories: "Zhi",
"Pu" and "Qu", which is a relatively rich and complete
music category in the ancient music system of China.
On May 20th, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be listed in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage. On September 30th, 2009, Nanyin was officially listed in the list of representative works of human intangible cultural heritage at the UNESCO Intergovernmental Organization Conference.
拍板（Clapper）
拍板是中國的傳統樂器，因它大都用檀木制作，所以亦稱為“檀板”。南音使用的拍板是由五塊木片組成（見圖1）。上下二片向外的一面削成半圓形。上面一塊刻有“發皆中節”字樣及篆印，下面的那塊通常穿有彩穗。“拍板”擊奏在“拍位”（強拍），演唱者手執拍板邊唱邊擊，它仍然保留著漢相和歌“執節者歌”的表演形式（見圖2），其持拿及擊奏姿勢，具有從容莊重、矜持雍容的古代貴族氣派。
Clapper is a traditional musical instrument in China. Because it is mostly
made of sandalwood, it is also called "sandalwood board". The clapper
used by Nanyin is composed of five pieces of wood (see Figure 1). The outward
side of the upper and lower pieces is cut into a semicircle. The upper one is
engraved with the words "
Self-restraint " and the seal, while the lower one usually wears colored
tassels. 2. "clapper" percussion is in the "beat position"
(strong beat), and the singer holds clapper while singing and striking. It
still retains the performance form of the Han Dynasty——xianghe song “The singer's clappers correspond to the accompanying
orchestral instruments.”(see Figure 2), with its holding and percussion
posture, and it has the ancient aristocratic style of being calm, solemn,
reserved and graceful.
響盞（XiangZhan）
響盞（見圖3）屬于鑼的一種，鑼是中國古老且常見的民族樂器。泉州南音所使用的“響盞”號稱為最小的鑼，由于它體積較小，難以拿在手上演奏，所以就把它放置于竹子編織的竹箍中，以方便擊打。演奏時左手持響盞箍，右手持響盞槌敲擊（見圖4），演奏方法基本上是隨南音琵琶的彈奏指法擊打，但是每逢拍位則要休止。
XiangZhan (see Figure 3) is a kind of gong, which is an ancient and common national musical instrument in China. The " XiangZhan " used in Quanzhou Nanyin is known as the smallest gong. Because of its small size, it is difficult to play in the hand, so it is placed in a bamboo hoop woven with bamboo to facilitate hitting. When playing, the left hand holds the XiangZhan and the right hand holds the gong hammer to knock (see Figure 4). The playing method is basically to hit with the fingering of Nanyin Pipa, but it has to stop every beat.
小叫（Xiao jiao）
小叫（見圖5），也稱為小叫鐸，它實際上是兩件樂器，即小叫鑼和鐸（木魚），小叫鑼和木魚兩件樂器由一人演奏，所以它們只按一件計算?！靶〗需I”的獨特之處在于用左手同時持拿“小叫鑼”和“木魚”，右手用木槌分別敲擊（見圖6）。鐸為木制，它只敲擊樂曲的拍位（強拍）。小叫鑼敲擊弱拍或弱位，敲擊時要將它摔離手掌，方能發出正常的聲音。小叫的演奏沒有定譜，演奏者可根據樂曲的情緒自由發揮，但如逢琵琶撚指（滾）、貫聲（時值三拍的長音）或樂曲旋律處于較低的音區時則要休止。小叫鑼的擊打有多種節奏型的變化，在演奏中可以靈活運用。
Xiao Jiao (see Figure 5), also known as Xiao Jiao Duo, is actually two musical instruments, namely Xiao Jiao Gong and Duo (temple block), which are played by one person, so they are only counted as one instrument. The uniqueness of "Xiao Jiao Duo" lies in holding both "Xiao Jiao Gong" and " temple block " with the left hand, and tapping them with a mallet with the right hand (see Figure 6). It is made of wood, and it only strikes the beat position (strong beat) of the music. The gong is called to strike the weak beat or weak position, and it should be dropped from the palm of your hand when striking, so that it can make a normal sound. There is no set score in the performance of a small call, and the performer can freely play it according to the mood of the music, but it should stop when the Pipa twists its fingers (rolling), makes a continuous sound (a long sound with a duration of three beats) or the melody of the music is in a lower tone zone. There are many rhythmical changes in the beating of gong, which can be used flexibly in performance.
四寶（Si bao）
“四寶”由四塊帶有竹皮的竹片制作而成（見圖7）。四寶的演奏方法和琵琶指法基本相同，但可以略為加花。在“下四管”中它的演奏技巧難度最高。演奏時左右手各執兩塊（見圖8），可兩手互擊，也可同一手兩塊相擊，敲擊的位置有多種變化，演奏者可靈活應用。如逢“拍位”，“四寶”應雙手分別合擊?！八膶殹弊钣刑厣难葑嗍恰皳u”，它是利用大臂的力量帶動手腕將“四寶”搖動，產生細密而均勻的連續敲擊聲音，并要能夠強弱變化自如。
The "Si bao" are made of four pieces of bamboo with bamboo skins (see Figure 7). The playing method of Sibao is basically the same as that of pipa fingering, but it can be slightly flowered. In the "lower four pipes", its playing skill is the most difficult. When playing, the left hand and the right hand hold two pieces (see Figure 8). You can hit each other with both hands, or you can hit two pieces with the same hand. There are many kinds of striking positions, so the player can apply them flexibly. In case of "shooting position", "Si bao" should strike with both hands respectively. The most distinctive performance of "Si bao" is "Shake", which uses the strength of the big arm to drive the wrist to shake the "Si bao" to produce a fine and uniform continuous tapping sound, and it should be able to change its strength freely.
雙鈴（Double bells）
雙鈴（見圖9），也稱雙音、碰鈴等，它屬于“鐘”的范疇，其聲清遠悠揚。“雙鈴”用銅鑄成，手持的位置分別系有彩穗。在泉州南音中的幾種金屬打擊樂器中，雙鈴的聲音最為清逸。在演奏中雖然它只是隨“撩位”（相當于次強拍）輕疏而擊，卻已使樂曲雅意盎然。由于雙鈴是金屬樂器，基于“金木不同鳴”的原則，在演奏“疊拍”這種沒有“撩位”的樂曲時，要用扁鼓來替換它。演奏時左右手各執一個（見圖10），擊打樂曲的撩位。
Double bells (see Figure 9), also known as double tones, ringing bells, etc., belong to the category of "bell", and its sound is clear and melodious. The "Double Bell" is made of copper, and its holding position is tied with colored spikes. Among several metal percussion instruments in Quanzhou Nanyin, the sound of Double Bell is the clearest. It belongs to the second strongest beat in performance. Make the music full of elegance and meaning. As the double bell is a metal instrument, based on the principle of " Metal musical instruments and wooden musical instruments cannot sound at the same time.", flat drums should be used to replace it when playing "overlapping beats". When playing, the left hand and the right hand each hold one stroke (see Figure 10).
扁鼓（Flat drum）
“扁鼓”屬革類樂器。鼓身呈扁圓形，用木材制成，兩面蒙以豬皮，鼓邊裝有一金屬圈以方便手持（見圖11）。敲擊的“鼓筷”是用圓形的竹子制作。扁鼓通常作為雙鈴的替換樂器和響盞、小叫、四寶同時演奏。在演奏中它能起到調和各種打擊樂器音色的作用。與其它幾件打擊樂器相比，扁鼓的音色較為低沉、溫和，它和四寶一樣具有良好的兼容性，所以在演奏“疊拍”樂曲的時候用它代替“無撩位可擊”的雙鈴擊打“拍位”，以保證“下四管”的完整。演奏時左手食指穿過鼓沿的金屬圈，其它手指于鼓邊將扁鼓持穩，右手執“鼓筷”點擊（見圖12）。
"Flat drum" is a leather musical instrument. The drum body is oblate, made of wood, covered with pigskin on both sides, and equipped with a metal ring at the side of the drum for easy holding (see Figure 11). The drumming chopsticks are made of round bamboo. Flat drum is usually used as a substitute instrument for double bell, and it is played at the same time with ring, bark and four treasures. It can play a role in harmonizing the timbres of various percussion instruments in performance. Compared with other percussion instruments, the flat drum has a deep and gentle tone, and it has good compatibility with the four treasures. When playing, the index finger of the left hand passes through the metal ring at the edge of the drum, the other fingers hold the flat drum by the edge of the drum, and the right hand holds the "drum chopsticks" and clicks (see Figure 12).
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